Guillainbarre syndrome is a rare disorder that causes your immune system to attack your peripheral nervous system pns. The loss of control which patients experience, while terrifying, is temporary. Guillainbarre syndrome or gbs is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system and can be a medical emergency. Gbs occurs worldwide and all age groups are affected.
When it comes to the causes of guillain barre syndrome. Well teach you about its symptoms and ways to manage the condition. Guillainbarre syndrome epidemiology bmj best practice. The full text of this article is available in pdf format. Both sensory and autonomic nerve involvement is seen. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is a serious and rare autoimmune disorder in which the immune system of the body attacks healthy nerve cells of. Damage to these nerves makes it hard for them to transmit signals. Antecedent infections are reported in up to 70% of patients with guillainbarre syndrome gbs. Nursing patients with guillain barre syndrome guillain. Pathogenesis of guillainbarre syndrome request pdf. Cases of gbs may develop after an infection for example, an upper respiratory or. Injured or degraded, nerves lose their ability to respondsend to the brains commands.
Nov 03, 2016 guillain barre syndrome gbs types clinical features pathophysiology causes treatment of guillain barre syndrome introduction. Skip to site navigation skip to content this content does not have an english version. The common causes of guillain barre syndrome include immunological abnormalities. However, most of the previous observations are case reports. G uillainbarre syndrome gbs consists of a group of neuro pathic conditions characterized by progressive weakness and diminished or absent reflexes. Guillain barre syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs which occur after a mild viral infection e. As a result of the attack, the nerve insulation myelin and sometimes even the inner covered part of the nerve axon is damaged and signals are delayed or otherwise changed. The prevalence of guillainbarre syndrome is estimated to be 6 to 40 cases per 1 million people. Guillainbarre syndrome nord national organization for. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. With poliomyelitis under control in developed countries, gbs is now the most important cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Mar 31, 2011 guillainbarre syndrome gbs is a classic failure of the immune system with a lifethreatening attack upon a critical selfcomponent. Twothirds have a history of gastroenteritis or influenzalike illness weeks before onset of neurologic symptoms.
Guillain barre syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder. Newswanger, lcdr, mc, usnr, national naval medical center, bethesda, maryland charles r. Ivig treatment is more expensive but is associated with less duration of hospital stay. Nov 14, 2019 guillainbarre syndrome gbs is an autoimmunemediated disease with environmental triggers eg, pathogenic or stressful exposures. It occurs when the bodys immune system fails to recognize the nerves as the bodys own tissues and attacks them. Guillainbarre syndrome rehabilitation outcome, residual deficits and requirement of lower limb orthosis for locomotion at 1 year followup. Unknown, immune system starts to destroy the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of many nerve cells, and sometimes the axons themselves. Guillainbarre syndrome, campylobacter jejuni, antiganglioside antibodies, immunoglobulin treatment, plasma exchange. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is a rapidonset muscle weakness caused by the immune. Catalog home health topics guillainbarre syndrome guillainbarre syndrome 2 products local navigation. One proposed mechanism for gbs is that an antecedent infection evokes an immune response, which in turn crossreacts with peripheral nerve.
Learn guillain barre syndrome assessment peripheral nervous system disorders for nursing faster and easier with picmonics unforgettable images and stories. Guillainbarre syndrome symptoms and causes mayo clinic. It can also affect people who have just undergone a surgical procedure or have been recently vaccinated. Pathogenesis of guillainbarre syndrome sciencedirect. Recent neurophysiological and pathological studies have led to a reclassification of the diseases that underlie guillainbarre syndrome gbs into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy aidp, acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy amsan and acute motor axonal neuropathy aman. He also felt intense pain when people touched his leg which wasnt common with polio. Several infections eg, epsteinbarr virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, varicella, other herpes viruses, mycoplasma pneumoniae, c jejuni as well as immunizations have been known to precede or to be associated with the illness. Gbs is an acute monophasic paralyzing illness, usually provoked by a preceding infection.
Evidence from animal models suggests a key role of molecular mimicry. The guillainbarre syndrome gbs and its variants are considered postinfectious, immunemediated neuropathies. Ricardo erazo torricelli pediatric neurologist hospital luis calvo mackenna, chile. Guillain barre syndrome gbs also known as infectious polyneuritis is an autoimmune disease in which there is an acute inflammation of the spinal and cranial nerves manifested by motor dysfunction that predominates over sensory dysfunction. Our knowledge of the syndrome has hugely expanded since that time. Picmonic is research proven to increase your memory retention and test scores. In guillainbarre syndrome, your immune system attacks your peripheral nervous system. The exact cause is unknown, but it is associated with a previously existing viral infection or immunizations. Gbs is a serious neurological disorder that results from the inflammation of peripheral nerves after certain events such as an infection. Table 1 guillainbarre syndromeclinical variants epidemiology the reported incidence rates for gbs are 12 per 100,000 population. Guillainbarre syndrome, influenza, and influenza vaccination. Acute inflammatory polyneuropathy classified according to symptoms and divided into axonal and demyelinating forms. Gbs can cause symptoms that last for a few weeks to several years.
Because weakness may affect the diaphragm and cause respiratory distress, 10% to 30% of patients require mechanical ventilation. It is a reactive self limited autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system1 and which presents as acute generalized weakness. For the first time in my life i feel that i am not alone trying to surpass my bulimia. Guillainbarre syndrome genetics home reference nih. The diagnosis relies heavily on the clinical impression obtained from the history and examination, although cerebro. It is named after 2 french doctors who described this syndrome for the first time in 2 soldiers during world war i. Gbs is an acutesubacuteonset polyradiculoneuropathy typically presenting with sensory symptoms and weakness over several days, often leading to quadriparesis. Gbs affects approximately only one or two people each year in every 100,000 population. Patients with amsan have been marked with the worst recovery prognosis because of the rapid severity of. Risk factors were identified by comparing deceased and surviving patients with gbs. Jun, 2018 while doctors dont know why, guillainbarre syndrome often occurs after colds and stomach flu. Also, it would be highly unusual for polio to strike someone well into adulthood. Guillainbarre syndrome is a rare disorder in which your bodys immune system attacks your nerves, causing symptoms including weakness and tingling.
Guillainbarre syndrome and preceding infection with campylobacter, influenza and epsteinbarr virus in the general practice research database. Gbs occurs throughout the world with a median annual incidence of 1. The diagnosis of guillainbarre syndrome depends on findings such as rapid development of muscle paralysis, absent reflexes, absence of. Guillainbarre syndrome is an autoimmune condition in which the persons nerves are attacked by the bodys own immune defence system. When it comes to the causes of guillainbarre syndrome. Aug 29, 2011 guillain barre syndrome is an acute infectious demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. A complete pathophysiology of guillainbarre syndromecredits to glaizacute18 and jacqueline lim for the original pathophysiologiesi just placed the necessary diagnostic tests and treatments intended for each complications, signs and symptoms and pretty much expanded the original pathophysiologythanks. Comprehensive pathophysiology of guillainbarre syndrome. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is clinically defined as an acute peripheral neuropathy causing limb weakness that progresses over a time period of days or, at the most, up to 4 weeks.
Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is a rare, rapidly progressive disorder due to inflammation of the nerves polyneuritis causing muscle weakness, sometimes progressing to complete paralysis. It is characterized by abnormal muscle coordination with poor balance and clumsy walking, weakness or paralysis of the eye muscles, and absence of the tendon reflexes. Guillainbarre syndrome fact sheet national institute of. It can cause muscle weakness, reflex loss, and numbness or tingling in parts of your body. Neurologic problems persist in up to 20 percent of patients with the disease, and onehalf of these patients are severely disabled. Pathology of guillainbarre syndrome nakano 2016 clinical. The occurrence of the different types of guillainbarre syndrome varies across regions. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of guillainbarre syndrome gbs. Apr 16, 2007 guillainbarre syndrome gbs is currently divided into the two major subtypes. The disease can progress slowly over a few weeks or can rapidly cause paralysis of the arms, legs, and chest muscles within hours. Dec 14, 2017 a collection of disease information resources and questions answered by our genetic and rare diseases information specialists for guillain barre syndrome.
It is an acute and rapidly progressive inflammation of nerves that causes loss of sensation and muscle weakness. Gbs can cause symptoms that usually last for a few weeks. Guillainbarre syndrome is a problem with your nervous system. Oct 25, 2019 guillain barre syndrome is a rare disorder that causes your immune system to attack your peripheral nervous system pns. Dec 20, 2007 the recovery program is giving me the chance that i was seeking to change my life and to free me of the bulimia. Guillain barre syndrome foundation international p. Guillainbarre syndrome guillianbarre syndrome is a bizarre and frightening illness, but in spite of the trauma which accompanies it, patients and families must keep in mind the fact that almost everyone recovers from it. Neurophysiology is confirmatory and is abnormal in 85% of patient. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is an acuteonset, monophasic, immunemedi ated polyneuropathy that often follows an antecedent infection. Guillain barre syndrome gheeyanbar syndrome also known as landrys palsy is a classic lower motor neuron disorder. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs causes, types, symptoms. Typical and atypical clinical presentations learn more about the importance of understanding typical and atypical presentations of gbs, including features of clinically distinct variants and subtypes, proper diagnosis, and initiation of appropriate treatment.
Guillainbarre syndrome polyradiculoneuritis rnpedia. As per cdcs version center for disease control, nearly 75% of those afflicted with gbs exhibit symptoms are mostly after convalescing from a respiratory infection or a severe bout of diarrhea. It occurs yearround at a rate of between 1 and 4 cases per 100,000 annually. Weakness or tingling in the legs is usually the first sign of this condition. Twothirds have a history of gastroenteritis or influenzalike illness weeks before onset of neurological symptoms. Its exact cause is unknown, guillainbarre syndrome is believed to be an autoimmune disorder that may be triggered by viral infection, campylobacter diarrheal illness, immunization. Guillain barre syndrome causes the exact etiology of gbs remains idiopathic. The pathogenesis involves an immune response triggered by a preceding event which may be an infection. It is an acute inflammatory polyneuropathy of the peripheral sensory and motor and nerve roots. The nerves in your peripheral nervous system connect your brain to the rest of your body and transmit signals to your muscles. May 04, 2018 gupta a, taly ab, srivastava a, murali t.
Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is an autoimmune polyneuropathy which presents with acute onset and rapid progression of flaccid, hyporeflexi quadriparesis. Guillain barre syndrome gbs is an acute, frequently severe, and fulminant polyradiculoneuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. Triggers for gbs include infection and rarely vaccination. This syndrome causes the destruction, removal, or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve. A third type of guillain barre syndrome is named acute motorsensory axonal neuropathy amsan. Warren, lcdr, mc, usnr, naval hospital jacksonville, jacksonville, florida guillain barre syndrome gbs is a group of autoimmune syndromes consisting of demyelinating and acute axonal degenerating forms of the disease. The active phase of the disease is short, concordant with the latency of a primary adaptive immune response. Once originally considered to be only demyelinating in pathology we now recognise both axonal and demyelinating subtypes.
In campylobacter jejuni gastrointestinal infections, a lipooligosaccharide present in the outer membrane of the bacteria is similar to gangliosides that are components of the peripheral nerves. The initial symptoms are typically changes in sensation or pain along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands, often spreading to the arms and upper body, with both sides being involved. Up to 30% will develop respiratory muscle weakness requiring ventil. Pdf treatment guidelines for guillainbarre syndrome. These support groups can be found on the internet, in the phone book, or at your local library. Numerous triggering or antecedent events including infections are recognised and gbs is. Guillainbarre syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder. Aidp is the most common type in north america and europe, accounting for approximately 90 percent of cases of guillainbarre syndrome in those regions. Abstract guillainbarre syndrome gbs, a disease affecting the peripheral nervous system, is now well known.
His condition was guillain barre syndrome instead of polio because polio paralyzes limbs unevenly and doesnt move up the body. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of guillainbarre syndrome. Affected nerves are demyelinated with possible axonal degeneration. There are many support groups for guillain barre syndrome for patients and their families. The symptoms are pretty nonspecific when they begin, perhaps a little tingling in the feet and hands. The pns nerves connect your brain and spinal cord with the rest of your body. In north america and europe gbs is usually caused by acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy aidp with prominent lymphocytic infiltration of the peripheral nervous system and primary macrophage penetration of. Guillainbarre syndrome gbs is a rapidonset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Millerfisher syndrome is a rare, acquired nerve disease that is a variant of guillainbarre syndrome. Nursing patients with guillain barre syndrome since guillain barre syndrome is a rare and life threatening disease commonly characterized as severe neuromuscular paralysis, careful observation of patients history is essential. Gbs has various subtypes that vary in their pathophysiology.
255 135 1336 63 1191 28 770 210 417 1073 1142 893 46 1321 658 755 1581 282 384 366 1412 21 1212 367 867 611 746 1274 1276 827 1648 111 469 1555 1267 172 644 944 1388 24 1356 1490 850 125